Also check out c_across which is useful for performing an operation that involves multiple columns. Not only does it cut back on typing, but it makes for a more principled approach to data wrangling and can make programming much easier. I hope you can appreciate the versatility it offers. # buy_value_sd, buy_value_q05, buy_value_q95 # … with 11 more rows, and 4 more variables: buy_value_mean , # category sell_value_mean sell_value_sd sell_value_q05 sell_value_q95 summarizer(ac_items, numeric_cols = c(sell_value, buy_value), First, well use the summarize function with group by to collapse all the. summarise (myresearch (mpg)) This doesn’t seem super useful in abstract, but it’s good to know for certain cases These are the basics of the dplyr summarize () function. We’ll also allow the user to supply a grouping variable if they want. The dplyr package comes with some very useful functions, and someone who uses. In this example, we’ll create a function that asks the user to supply any number of numeric columns in their data, and the function will calculate the mean, standard deviation, and 0.05%-95% quantiles. Summarise(across(contains("value"), mean, na.rm = TRUE. Continuing with our example, let’s again calculate the mean sell and buy value by category, but we’ll use contains to fetch columns containing value. We can leverage tidyselect helpers to match columns by name or type. If we have lots of columns to operate over, it can be cumbersome to spell out each name. We give across a vector of column names followed by the function (in this case mean) followed by any other arguments we want to apply to the function. Summarise(across(c(sell_value, buy_value), mean, na.rm = TRUE)) # A tibble: 21 x 3 Here’s where across comes in: ac_items %>% But imagine if instead of two columns there were 10 or 20 or 100! It would quickly get tedious to add a new line for each column. Summarise(sell_value = mean(sell_value, na.rm = TRUE),īuy_value = mean(buy_value, na.rm = TRUE)) # A tibble: 21 x 3 First, here’s how I might do this without across: ac_items %>% I want to quickly get the mean of these columns for each category. There are two columns related to currency: sell_value and buy_value. # sources, customizable, recipe, recipe_id , Don’t hesitate to let me know in the comments section below, in case you have additional questions. ![]() Note that similar errors may occur when using other packages where functions have the same name such as ggplot2. ![]() # … with 4,555 more rows, and 8 more variables: buy_currency , Summary: In this tutorial you have learned how to make the dplyr groupby and summarize functions work in the R programming language. # 9 26 acnh-ni… Acnh N… Furnitu… TRUE 8990 bells 35960 # 8 24 acid-wa… Acid-w… Bottoms TRUE 330 bells 1320 # 7 23 acid-wa… Acid-w… Tops TRUE 420 bells 1680 # 6 21 accesso… Access… Furnitu… TRUE 375 bells 1500 # 5 20 acantho… Acanth… Fossils FALSE 2000 bells NA # 4 19 academy… Academ… Dresses NA 520 bells 2080 # 3 17 abstrac… Abstra… Wallpap… TRUE 390 bells 1560 We get the packages we library(dplyr) # for across and other data wrangling functions For this post I’ll use the animal crossing items data set featured on TidyTuesday week 19 of 2020. Let’s look at the most basic usage of across.
0 Comments
![]() If you missed iOS 15.3, you'll also get its patches with your upgrade. For more about it, head over to Apple's security page. If you missed iOS 15.3.1, it had one security patch on board. If you want to learn more about these patches, head on over to Apple's security site for the particulars. If you missed the iOS 15.4 update, it had a whopping 36 new security patches on board. You can read more about it over on Apple's website. If you missed iOS 15.4.1, it had one new security patch on board. You can learn more about these patches over on Apple's security site. If you missed iOS 15.5 it brought 27 new security patches to the iPhone. You can learn more about them right here. If you missed Apple's iOS 15.6 update, it had 30+ security upgrades on board. You can read more about the pair on Apple's website. If you missed iOS 15.6.1, it had two security patches on board which are essential if you want to keep your device and its data safe from harm. If you want to take a look at the details, head over to Apple's security site for more. IOS 15.7 brings 11 security patches along with it. If security is important to you, you'll want to think about installing Apple's iOS 15.7 update right away. IPadOS will only offload apps if you’re in danger of running out of storage space. On the next screen, you’ll want to tap the blue Enable button next to Offload Unused Apps.On that screen, you should see a blue Show All icon on the right hand side.If you don’t want to manage all of this manually, you can tell iPadOS to automatically Offload Unused apps: If you never use an application and it’s taking up a ton of storage, consider deleting it. If you delete an app from your iPad the data will get deleted along with it. Once you reinstall the app, all of your data will be restored. If you offload an app, it will be unloaded from your iPad but you’ll keep all of your data which is useful if you think you’re use the application in the future. In some apps you’ll notice two options: Offload App and Delete App. Others might notice an app taking up more space than is preferred. Some of you might see an app you rarely use taking up a ton of space. If you tap on an app, you’ll get readout that provides you with some options to help you better manage your iPad’s storage. If you scroll down, you can see which apps are taking up the most space on your device’s internal storage. Here you’ll find an overview of your apps and how much space they’re hoarding on your iPad. If that becomes a roadblock, we recommend taking a look at your iPad’s storage. Unfortunately, some applications don’t provide you with a clear way to clear their cache. If you’re noticing heavy lag on your iPad, you might want to clear everything. You can now select what you wish to delete. Once you’re there, tap Settings, tap Privacy, and tap Clear Browsing Data. If you use typically use Google’s Chrome browser, you’ll need to head into the app itself and tap the three horizontal circles in the bottom right corner. For example if you use Slack, you’ll need to head into the app’s settings via the Settings app and toggle Reset Cache on Next Launch on. This process will be a little different for each application. If that’s the case, you’ll want to take a look at your third-party applications. ![]() If you don’t use Safari on a regular basis you probably won’t have much data to clear out. A window will popup and you’ll want to tap on Clear History and Data.Īs the company notes, this will remove your browsing history, cookies, and other browsing data.Scroll down to the Privacy & Security section and tap on Clear History and Website data.Head into your Settings app on your iPad.If you use Safari on other Apple devices, this process will also clear the data on those if they’re logged into the same iCloud account. ![]() This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Maximum replication of interface of Total Commander while complying with the general style of apps for Mac.Ĭan Commander One be called as the best alternative to Total Commander? I believe that yes, especially considering the free version.Search in network folders and FTP server.Unfortunately, similar utilities like Forklift and CRAX Commander cannot brag about it Restrictions of free version – inability to work with FTP. Availability of both free and paid versions.Ability to connect video and photo cameras.Ability to connect mobile devices on iOs and Android.Opens slowly and after closing icon does not disappear from Dock.This has been implemented in Finder a long time ago, but for some reason creators of Commander One decided that users don’t need this feature ![]() No possibility to compare and sync catalogs unlike in Total Commander.With Commander One you won’t have to rediscover the interface and features.Īs any other product Commander One has some disadvantages, some of which I would call critical: Usually, people who buy Mac already have experience working with Windows and they would like to see the software they are used to work with in Mac as well. The idea of making a cool two-panel file manager for Mac was implemented by Eltima company much better than by anybody else. Those who need to transfer files through several streams or to different servers can copy in the background mode by pressing F2. List of servers becomes available by pressing CMD+F.įile access permissions on FTP server can be edited by pressing CMD+I. In addition, you can connect cloud storages such as DropBox, Google Drive, Microsoft One Drive and Amazon S3, and see them in the list of disks as local disks. To search files in hidden folders you need to enable display of hidden files and folders, otherwise Commander One will ignore them during the search.įor those who are used to work in Midnight Commander developers of Commander One included fast access to the console by pressing CTRL+O.Ĭommander One can perform FTP client role like Total Commander does. Same as Total Commander, Commander One features built-in file viewer that supports various data types.įile and catalog search in Commander One is done in two ways: using Spotlight which is built into OS X and through own search which is much slower but encompasses the entire file system and can search for files in network disks and FTP servers, and features more search options including regular expressions and number of catalog nesting levels for search. This option can be disabled if necessary. while using Commander One F1-F12 keys will behave in the same manner as in Total Commander. And to use them like in Windows one has to use Fn key. Commander One allows to temporarily turn off OS X functions for those keys when the utility is running and on screen (if you collapse it, the keys will resume their normal functions). Mac users are used to the fact that functional keys are used by default to manage iTunes, sharpness of screen and keyboard, volume, etc. Files and folders management using functional keys works almost the same way as in Total Commander. Two panels with catalog tree, drop-down menu with a list of disks, F3– F8 buttons, etc. Main window of Commander One virtually replicates the design of interface of Total Commander. In this review I am going to tell you about one of Total Commander alternatives for Mac – Commander One. Sometimes it becomes a real pain with subsequent questions on Q&A websites and forums. However, after shifting from Windows to Mac it is not always possible to find alternatives to software you already know and use. ![]() Apart from other things, many of those who purchase Apple computers value their convenient and elegant interface of OS X as well as apps created for it. Thêm vào đó, quý vị có thể tìm thấy sự khác biệt liên quan đến ngôn ngữ địa phương và tính cách đặc thù của nó. Chẳng hạn như, thông dịch không phải là những cụm từ nhạy cảm và không thể hoàn toàn chuyển đặt câu văn một cách đúng nghĩa. Tuy nhiên, không có việc thông dịch về điện tử và tự động nào chính xác. Quận Cam đã tận dụng mọi nỗ lực để bảo đảm sự chính xác của việc thông dịch. Một khi nhấn vào nút “Tôi chấp nhận” (I accept), có nghĩa là quý vị đồng ý những trang của trang mạng này trở thành những ngôn ngữ không phải là tiếng Anh. Vì sự tiện lợi của người sử dụng, trang mạng này của Quận Cam sử dụng dịch vụ thông dịch miễn phí của Google. Office of Campaign Finance and Ethics Commission.It just goes to show that some deals truly are once in a lifetime. The AAirpass, now known simply as just “Airpass”, still exists as an elite American Airlines program today that includes upgrade perks and VIP privileges but certainly not unlimited first class flights. It is estimated that 28 of the passes were sold in total and barring the cases of abuse, it can be assumed that some of those elite 28 are still enjoying the perks today. The pass was briefly revived in the 2004 Neiman Marcus holiday catalog for a cost of $3 million but no passes were sold. The sales of unlimited AAirpass were discontinued for sale in 1994. Can you still buy an American Airlines Airpass? Rothstein has stated since having the passed revoked, he flies United. I don’t view that as philanthropy, I view that as good deeds.” Today, Mr. I gave many people tickets to visit ill family members. For example, I gave a man in Seattle a ticket to go to his father’s funeral. Rothstein has justified his actions stating, according to Forbes, he: “often gave miles to people with good stories about why they needed to fly someplace. Rothstein took AA to court but the court ruled that he did, in fact, violate the contract by booking guest flights under phony names such as “Bag Rothstein”. In December 2008, as Rothstein prepared to board a flight, he was given a letter stating that his pass was terminated. They found that Rothstein made 3,009 reservations within 4 years but cancelled up to 2,523 of them. In 2007, American Airlines began reviewing the activity of AAirpass flyers. Not only did he use the guest passes for friends and family, but also at times, Rothstein would give away the pass to strangers at random to join him on flights. Rothstein had both his own AAirpass and the guest pass that one could purchase for $150,000. The Guardian recently profiled another notorious AAirpass holder Steve Rothstein, in a piece written by Rothstein’s own daughter, Caroline. In one 25-day span, Joyce flew to London 16 times, a retail value of $125,000. Bob Crandall, AA’s CEO and Chairman from 1985 – 1998 has stated: “we thought originally it would be something that firms would buy for top employees…it soon became apparent the public was smarter than we were.” In 1994, a Chicago man Mike Joyce won a $4.25 million settlement after a car accident. The vision of how the pass would be used by American Airlines did not end up matching with reality. What happened to American Airlines Airpass? Cuban, of course, flies by private jet these days but has stated that purchasing the pass was one of the “…most fun, best business decisions I’ve ever made.” He lost count of how many trips he’d taken but stated he went “everywhere”.Īn American Airlines commercial from 1982, around the time the introduction of the AAirpass. Mark Cuban has noted the AAirpass as his first big six figure splurge after he sold his first business MicroSolutions to Compuserve for an estimated $6 million. Early buyers included baseball hall of famer Willie Mays and businessman Michael Dell. The benefits of the pass not only included the unlimited first class flights but also earned the holders frequent flyer miles on every flight and lifetime entry to Admirals’ clubs and American VIP lounges. Adjusted for inflation, the 2019 price of these tickets would be $570,000. ![]() In need of quick cash, the company established a program that allowed a passenger to buy a lifetime of unlimited first class flights via the AAirpass for a one time fee of $250,000 with a companion ticket available for $150,000. The company posted a $76 million loss in the year 1980. ![]() The Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, a law that was arguably quite beneficial to the consumer, was not quite as beneficial for American Airlines’ bottom line. The early 1980’s were a time of difficulty for American Airlines. “We thought originally it would be something that firms would buy for top employees…it soon became apparent the public was smarter than we were.” Bob Crandall, American Airlines CEO & Chairman 1985-1998 ![]() The tabs/labels can be paper or plastic, clear or solid. The TT500 tabber option allows the LAB510 to apply and fold sealing tabs/labels round the edge of cases and cartons and open ends of cardboard sleeves. Even the most basic of sleeves can be folded and then secured with the addition of a label tab. In addition to the automatic dispensing of cases and sleeves as outlined above, the optional FF500 also acts as an automatic flap folder, folding down the flaps of paper and Tyvek CD sleeves and other envelopes as they pass from the hopper onto the LAB510’s conveyor belt. The hopper can be refilled while the unit is running. ![]() The hopper automatically dispenses the products onto the conveyor belt where the product is labeled. The FF510 hopper will dispense paper, carton, plastic and Tyvek sleeves, Polybags, Ziploc bags, Jewel CD-Cases, DVD and Game Boxes, phone or credit cards and any other flat objects. The versatile LAB510 can use paper or plastic labels or tabs with clear or solid backgrounds. The LAB510 can apply all types of labels, stick-on's, scratch-offs, promotional or bar code labels to any package. Multiple units can be placed in line to form a complete tabbing, labeling and barcoding system. ![]() The LAB510 can be used as a standalone unit or incorporated in a production conveyor line. Plus at your request, we can customize the LAB510 to any size requirement! The new LAB510 can now label at 4,300 pieces per hour to any product with a flat surface to a maximum height of 2” (50mm), the width of 12.4” (315mm).
![]() import as uuid from 'uuid' const myId uuid.v4 () to import it and then call the v4 function in the uuid module. Keep serialization and can be deserialized. Transform JSON To HTML Using JSON Templates - json2html. To generate UUID in Angular, we can use the uuid module. lsp-uuid is a SnowFlake based uuid generator for both browser and Nodejs.Customizable Multiple Elements Printing Plugin With jQuery - printThis.Simple Step By Step Site Tour Plugin - Intro.js Chrome, IE9+, FireFox, Opera, Safari GUID.Flexible Bootstrap Plugin To Create Wizard Style Interface - Smart Wizard.Google Maps Store Locator Plugin For jQuery.HTML5 Video and Audio Player Plugin - MediaElement.js.Sortable List View With jQuery - treeSortable.Export Html To Word Document With Images Using jQuery Word Export Plugin.Simple Shopping Cart Plugin With jQuery And Bootstrap - mycart.jQuery & Bootstrap Based Toast Notification Plugin - toaster.Awesome Video Background Plugin with HTML5 and Youtube API - YTPlayer.Smooth Signature Pad Plugin with jQuery and Html5 Canvas.Dynamic Tree View Plugin With jQuery And Bootstrap.Simple jQuery Star Rating System For Bootstrap 5/4/3.Simple jQuery Based Barcode Generator - Barcode.What is a Version 1 UUID A Version 1 UUID is a universally unique identifier that is generated using a timestamp and the MAC address of the computer on which it was generated. According to Wikipedia - A universally unique identifier (UUID) is an identifier standard used in software construction. jQuery Plugin To Print Any Part Of Your Page - Print Version 1 UUID Generator Generate a version 1 UUID. Write a JavaScript function to create a UUID identifier.jQuery Plugin For BarCode and QR Code Reader - WebCodeCam.For more Advanced Usages, please check the demo page or visit the official website. The default is to generate version 4 UUIDS, however the other versions are supported. This awesome jQuery plugin is developed by akassama. ![]() var clipboard = new ClipboardJS('.copy-btn') Both generate 16 bytes of characters separated into 5 groups of hyphens. GUID is the Microsoft implementation of UUID. Load the necessary JavaScript and Stylesheet in the document. UUID scope is universal, and GUID scope is global. Tiny Random UUID Generator In Vanilla JavaScript – giuuidġ.Fast UUID Generator & Parser In JavaScript – lsp-uuid.The GUIDs are guaranteed to be unique and random, which means that they will not repeat themselves even after you have generated millions of them. A simple and easy online tool that allows you to generate GUIDs in the v4 format (xxxxxxxx-xxxx- 4xxx- Nxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx where N is one of 8,9,A, or B), which can be used as an identifier for your website or application. The one highlighted in green is the best deal. It is easy to spot since the corresponding lamp lights up. Once there, you will find three choices labeled 01, 02, and 03. To do so, you should head to the map first and tap on the dollar ($) sign. ![]() One of the most exciting tasks in the game is to travel to the market where you can sell your oil. The gold chest, on the other hand, requires three hours for another chest to be ready. When you open a silver chest, you will need to wait an hour to open another one. You can find the free silver and gold cases at the top left-hand corner of the screen. All you need to do is to watch ads to unlock them. The good news is that there are two free chests ready for opening. Gold chests are the rarest, and you can get them once every two to three hours of playing the game. Sometimes, a silver chest would appear once every hour. Bronze is the most common, and you can get up to three for every hour you play. Three types of chests are available for you to find: bronze, silver, and gold. It typically stays on the screen for at least a minute, so you have plenty of time to catch it. Often, it will settle at the bottom right or left, and you need to tap on it before it disappears. Get Those ChestsĮvery once in a while, you will find a chest floating on the screen. You can begin upgrading your pump when you have enough money. The numbers in black at the center is the amount of oil your pump has produces, while the one below it is your current money. The main screen features your backyard where it all begins. Nevertheless, the choice is always yours. Play it safe and it could take a while to get to the top of the ladder. Play to be wealthy quickly, but you will need to take some risks. ![]() In real life, you have to be wise spending your money, and the game runs on the same philosophy. A couple more hours will surely be rewarding since you can spot in-game surprises. You may need to spend at least an hour playing the game each day. Similarly to other tycoon games, patience is key when it comes to Oil Tycoon: Gas Idle Factory. After all, the road to riches is long and winding, but you will eventually get there. You need to play with the markets and be wise with your investments. Although you start with only a few resources, you build an expansive and thriving oil empire. The game is quite simple that even newbies can quickly grasp the concept. If you have played a tycoon game before, you will find Oil Tycoon: Gas Idle Factory easy to understand. Now that you know what the game is about, we present you loads of Oil Tycoon: Gas Idle Factory tips, cheats and strategies to help you skyrocket your way to becoming a top oil tycoon. One video equals one crystal, which is the premium currency of Oil Tycoon: Gas Idle Factory. Tap on it, and you can earn diamonds by watching a video. The bee that appears from time to time in the game is your friend. The last two are quite rare and elusive, so do not miss these chests whenever you see them. Stay in the game, and you will discover chests, ranging from bronze to silver to gold. You also have the chance to unlock more areas as you progress. You should watch out for your tax payments, so be sure to pay them on time. There are other things you can do in Oil Tycoon: Gas Idle Factory. Choose the wrong price, and you get a much lower exchange rate for the oil. For instance, you have to tap quickly in the markets (the one with the $ sign) to get the best deal. Oil Tycoon: Gas Idle Factory challenges you to make quick decisions. This way, your oil factory works automatically. Then you can move to other locations, including the Middle East, where you can hire people to pump for you. ![]() Later in the game, you can hire guards and workers to increase efficiency. The first few steps are to develop the land and purchase new equipment. As one of the most profitable products in the world, you take the chance. The game begins with you, the player, finding an oil field right in your yard. The goal here, just like in any other tycoon game, is to grow your business and become extremely rich. This game gives you a glimpse of what it’s like to be an oil baron. The game is also available on Android titled as Idle Oil Tycoon: Gas Factory Simulator. Oil Tycoon: Gas Idle Factory is a stunning tycoon game from Gismart, that you can play on your iOS device. ![]() Invite guests to join the grad for a FaceTime orĬelebrate Alex’s achievement! Wear your finest attire and help usįor help setting up a Zoom account, contact Carol at (123)ġ23-1234. Seattle, WA 98123 ” Host a virtual graduation party Learn more about your Carats & Cake wedding website subscription payments, account management and customer service. Ask attendees to bring signs or words of encouragement. Invite nearby friends and family to a drive-byĬelebration. Seattle High School will be live streaming a ![]() Include a URL to your school’s online commencement ceremony. Invite your guests to view a virtual ceremony Please review our strict Privacy Policy for more details. No, we will never share or sell any information you or your guests provide with any third party service.![]() Install the app, and in addition to posting updates and viewing the news feed, Facebook Paper also lets you send and receive private Facebook messages on your mobile phone.įacebook Paper is a free download. Use Facebook Paper to check and reply to messages without installing Messenger. If you don’t want to install Messenger for whatever reason, there’s another way to check Facebook messages on your mobile phone: Facebook Paper. Now you won’t feel like you’re sitting in your office all day when you’re working on your projects. You can even use a single sound or a combination, and change sound environments whenever you want. When you need to cancel out the noise in a loud location or add noise to a quiet one, Noisli lets you choose from a variety of sounds such as rain, white noise, different oscillating fans, café sounds, library sounds and more. Noisli is a free sound environment creator, available on the web and through their iOS app. Noisli is more than a white noise generator, it’s a sound environment creator available through your web browser or the iOS app. It’s the equivalent of throwing everything in the closet when you have guests coming over. If you’re about to do a screenshare or a presentation, instead of putting everything on your desktop away, you can hide it. ![]() When you click HiddenMe, your desktop icons will disappear. HiddenMe is a Mac tool that will hide all of the icons on your desktop when you launch it. On Yahoo!, I got Native Americans and on Bing I got Native foods. On YouTube, I got Native American music and Native American flute. Go to Soovle, type in a phrase or keyword and you’ll see what comes up on Google, YouTube, Bing, Yahoo!, Wikipedia,, eBay, Weather Channel, Netflix and more.įor example, I entered “native video.” On Google, I got native video advertising examples, native video and native video advertising. Use Soovle to search a bunch of sites at once. It’s also an excellent way to see how different search results look across social channels and search engines. is a great tool to use when you’re looking for interesting keywords to use in your blog posts or advertising. For example, you can check or uncheck Dropbox, Google Chrome, Mail, etc. You can also see data usage for each app and manage them individually. □□ As a valued reader, you can save $740 if you act now! Sale Ends Tuesday! CLICK HERE TO LEARN MORE TripMode helps you manage which apps can connect to your mobile device and use your data.Īfter you install TripMode, an icon will appear in the menu bar that allows you to choose to launch TripMode automatically when you connect to a mobile hotspot or turn TripMode on manually. Get back into the game with an unbeatable conference experience and expert training at Social Media Marketing World in sunny San Diego, California-from your friends at Social Media Examiner. Perfect for when you sync your iPhone to your laptop and use it as a mobile hotspot.Īs a small business marketer, you can probably only pick one or two events to attend each year. TripMode is a Mac laptop tool that will give you freedom to decide which apps are able to connect to the Internet using the data on a mobile device. It’s much less distracting than going into Facebook on desktop or checking it on your phone. Then when you need to send a message, just open it up. Using the app, you can message people on Facebook without getting into the time suck that is Facebook when you have other things to do. Goofy is an unofficial Facebook Messenger app. Goofy, an unofficial Facebook Messenger client for Mac, lets you use Facebook Messenger without having to go to Facebook. The Great Suspender is a free Google Chrome plugin. ![]() You can also set it to auto-unsuspend tabs or require a click to unsuspend. (It’s kind of like TripMode, discussed in a previous podcast, that manages which programs use your data when you’re connected to WiFi.) For example, you can set it to suspend your tabs after 20 seconds, you can specify to not suspend pinned tabs or set it to auto-suspend if you’re on battery. The Great Suspender app suspends open tabs from running, so your system is faster.Īctivate the extension and you can set it up with different variables. The Great Suspender is a Google Chrome extension that keeps some of those tabs from running it suspends them. If you use Google Chrome a lot and jump from tab to tab, you’ll notice it can hog resources from your system. Where to subscribe: Apple Podcast | Google Podcasts | Spotify | RSS #1: The Great Suspender ![]() Discover 26 creative tips and tools for social media marketers. In this article you’ll discover the best tips and tools shared on the Social Media Marketing podcast so far this year. Looking for ways to increase your visibility or productivity? Do you want better tools and tips to simplify your job? However, the last two rows always apply in boolean logic. In this truth table, proposition ~A always evaluates to 1, therefore, the last two rows don't apply. Worded proposition B: Tomorrow I will win the lotto.Īs you can see, in this case, you can't even determine the state of B which will decide the result. Worded proposition A: The moon is made of sour cream. ![]() While the implication truth table always yields correct results for binary propositions, this is not the case with worded propositions which may not be related in any way at all. If no relationship exists between the worded propositions, then implication for worded propositions is not equivalent to boolean logic propositions. In higher order logic, the relationship is not just a case of on/off, 1/0 or +voltage/-voltage, the evaluation of a worded proposition is more complex. So there must exist a relationship or connection between the propositions. The best contribution on this question is given by Serge Rogatch.īoolean logic applies only where the result of quantifying(or evaluation) is either true or false and the relationship between boolean logic propositions is based on this fact. I guess I may shock some readers with these explanations, but it seems there are severe errors somewhere in the basics of the logic we are taught, and that is one of the reasons for such problems as Boolean Satisfiability being not solved yet. In contrast, row 3 immediately disproves (a=>b)=1 because it provides a counterexample when a=1 and b=0. For the rows 1, 2 and 4 in the truth table it is not known whether there is counterexample: these rows do not contradict to (a=>b)=1, but they also do not prove (a=>b)=1. For the rest of values (a,b), the value of a=>b is undefined: both (a=>b)=0 ("a doesn't imply b") and (a=>b)=1 ("a implies b") are possible: a b a=>b commentĠ 0 ? it is not possible to infer whether a implies b because a=0ġ 0 0 b is 0 when a is 1, so it is possible to concludeġ 1 ? whether a implies b is undefined because it is not knownįor a to imply b it is necessary and sufficient that b=1 always when a=1, so that there is no counterexample when a=1 and b=0. Judging from the truth tables, it is possible to infer the value of a=>b only for a=1 and b=0. Truth tables are not about determining whether a rule applies, they are about determining whether a rule was adhered to. It's not a matter of knowing whether implies applies - it wouldn't have been written there if it shouldn't be. In computer programming we often want to plug a set of variables into the statement and see if the entire statement evaluates to true or false. Perhaps we want to transform the statement into a different form (as was the original question, he or she wanted to know if two statements are equivalent). When we work with boolean logic, we are like the mother: we know the operators ahead of time, and we want to work with the statement in that form. She knows what the relationship between dirt and baths are, and she wants to make sure that the rule is followed. The mother has set the rule ahead of time. Yes Yes Yes He took a bath to clean up after getting dirty. No Yes Yes Son didn't need to take a bath, but wanted to anyway. No No Yes Son didn't get dirty, so didn't need to take a bath. She generates the following truth table: Get dirty? Take a bath? Follow rule? Comment On four separate days, when the mother comes home from work, she checks to see if the rule was followed. Another story:Ī mother tells her son, "If you get dirty, take a bath" (dirty=>bath). However, when we are evaluating boolean logic we know the relationship ahead of time, and want to test whether the relationship was adhered to. ![]() Similarly, it seems that Serge is trying to test whether A=>B, and is only able to determine it in one case. Only on one of the days in one of the countries can she definitively say that implies is not the correct relationship. In the above, the scientist doesn't know the relationship between rain and umbrellas and she is trying to determine what it is. Yes Yes ? Perhaps these people use umbrellas no matter what weather it is ![]() Yes No No Perhaps the local government banned umbrellas and nobody can use them. No Yes ? People were shielding themselves from the hot sun I don't know what they would do in the rain No No ? It didn't rain, so I didn't get to observe She generates the following truth table: Did it rain? Did people Does rain => umbrellas? Comment In each country she wants to determine if rain implies that people will use umbrellas. Consider the following story:Ī scientist visits four different countries on four different days. This is somewhat like a scientist trying to determine the relationship between two events. Serge seems to be approaching this from the perspective of questioning whether or not the implication applies. This is too long for a comment, so I'll post it as an answer. I think I see where Serge is coming from, and I'll try to explain the difference. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |